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Журнал «Медицина неотложных состояний» Том 21, №3, 2025

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Блокада площини випрямляча хребта при лапароскопічній холецистектомії: техніка виконання, систематичний огляд і метааналіз

Блокада площини випрямляча хребта при лапароскопічній холецистектомії: техніка виконання, систематичний огляд і метааналіз

Авторы: Чуклін С.М., Чуклін С.С.
Медичний центр Святої Параскеви, м. Львів, Україна

Рубрики: Медицина неотложных состояний

Разделы: Справочник специалиста

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Резюме

Актуальність. Хоча лапароскопічна холецистектомія (ЛХЕ) є малоінвазивною операцією, вона може викликати помірний або сильний післяопераційний біль. У рамках післяопераційної мультимодальної аналгезії регіонарна блокада все частіше застосовується у хірургії. Мета. Цей метааналіз мав на меті оцінити аналгетичну ефективність блокади площини випрямляча хребта у пацієнтів, які перенесли лапароскопічну холецистектомію. Матеріали та методи. Ми систематично проводили пошук у PubMed/MedLine, Scopus та Google Scholar до 2025 року. Усі рандомізовані клінічні випробування порівнювали ефективність блокади площини випрямляча хребта з іншими видами блокад для полегшення післяопераційного болю після ЛХЕ. Первинними (основними) результатами були: оцінка болю у спокої та при русі через 1–2, 6, 12 та 24 години після операції, доза фентанілу під час операції; вторинними — загальне вживання опіоїдів, час першого запиту на знеболювання та частота післяопераційної нудоти та блювання. Ми проаналізували всі дані за допомогою програмного забезпечення RevMan 5.4.1. Результати. Проведено огляд 31 рандомізованого контрольованого дослідження. У метааналіз включено 25 досліджень, в 16 з яких оцінювали ефективність блокади площини випрямляча хребта порівняно з групою пацієнтів без блокади, у 9 – з блокадою поперечної площини живота. Блокада площини випрямляча хребта суттєво зменшує інтенсивність болю в статичному і динамічному стані, потребу в інтраопераційному фентанілі, використання опіоїдів протягом 24 годин після операції та час до першого знеболювального порівняно з групою без блокади. Не було відмінностей між групами щодо нудоти та блювання. Блокада площини випрямляча хребта була ефективнішою у зниженні балів тяжкості болю у стані спокою, у всіх виміряних точках часу після операції, крім 12-ї год, ніж блокада поперечної площини живота, а під час руху — тільки на 6-й годині. Крім того, це призвело до меншого вживання еквівалента трамадолу протягом перших 24 год, збільшення часу до першого запиту на додаткове знеболювання порівняно з блокадою поперечної площини живота. Також не було суттєвих відмінностей у частоті післяопераційної нудоти та блювання. Висновки. Двобічна блокада площини випрямляча хребта під контролем ультразвуку може розглядатися як ефективний варіант післяопераційного знеболювання у дорослих, які перенесли лапароскопічну холецистектомію. Вона є дієвішою, ніж блокада поперечної площини живота.

Background. Although laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a minimally invasive procedure, it can cause moderate to severe postoperative pain. Regional block is increasingly used in surgery as part of postoperative multimodal analgesia. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of erector spinae plane block (ESPB) in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Materials and methods. We systematically searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar up to 2025. All randomized controlled trials that compared the efficacy of ESPB with other types of blocks for relieving postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy were included. The primary outcomes were pain scores at rest and on movement at 1–2, 6, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively, and intraoperative fentanyl dose. The secondary outcomes were total opioid consumption, first analgesia request time, and rates of postoperative nausea and vomiting. We analyzed all the data using RevMan 5.4.1 software. Results. A total of 31 randomized controlled trials were reviewed. Twenty-five studies were included in the meta-analysis, 16 of which compared ESPB with a no-block group, and 9 with the transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block. ESPB significantly reduced pain intensity in both static and dynamic states, intraoperative fentanyl requirements, 24-hour postoperative opioid consumption, and time to the first analgesia request compared with no-block group. There were no differences between groups in the incidence of nausea and vomiting. ESPB was more effective in reducing pain severity scores at rest in all measured postoperative time points except at 12 hours than TAP block, and on movement only at 6 hours. In addition, ESPB resulted in lower tramadol equivalent consumption within the first 24 hours and a longer time to the first request for additional analgesia compared with TAP block. There were no significant differences in the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting as well. Conclusions. Bilateral ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block may be considered an effective option for postoperative analgesia in adults undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. It is more effective than transverse abdominal plane block.


Ключевые слова

лапароскопічна холецистектомія; післяопераційний біль; блокада площини випрямляча хребта; блокада поперечної площини живота; огляд; метааналіз

laparoscopic cholecystectomy; postoperative pain; erector spinae plane block; transversus abdominis plane block; review; meta-analysis

doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/2224-0586.21.3.2025.1874

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